4,692 research outputs found
Consistency in the AMSR-E snow products: groundwork for a coupled snowfall and SWE algorithm
2019 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.Snow is an important wintertime property because it is a source of freshwater, regulates land-atmosphere exchanges, and increases the surface albedo of snow-covered regions. Unfortunately, in-situ observations of both snowfall and snow water equivalent (SWE) are globally sparse and point measurements are not representative of the surrounding area, especially in mountainous regions. The total amount of land covered by snow, which is climatologically important, is fairly straightforward to measure using satellite remote sensing. The total SWE is hydrologically more useful, but significantly more difficult to measure. Accurately measuring snowfall and SWE is an important first step toward a better understanding of the impacts snow has for hydrological and climatological purposes. Satellite passive microwave retrievals of snow offer potential due to consistent overpasses and the capability to make measurements during the day, night, and cloudy conditions. However, passive microwave snow retrievals are less mature than precipitation retrievals and have been an ongoing area of research. Exacerbating the problem, communities that remotely sense snowfall and SWE from passive microwave sensors have historically operated independently while the accuracy of the products has suffered because of the physical and radiometric dependency between the two. In this study, we assessed the relationship between the Northern Hemisphere snowfall and SWE products from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). This assessment provides insight into regimes that can be used as a starting point for future improvements using coupled snowfall and SWE algorithm. SnowModel, a physically-based snow evolution modeling system driven by the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis, was employed to consistently compare snowfall and SWE by accounting for snow evolution. SnowModel has the ability to assimilate observed SWE values to scale the amount of snow that must have fallen to match the observed SWE. Assimilation was performed using AMSR-E, Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) Snow Analysis, and Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) SWE to infer the required snowfall for each dataset. Observed AMSR-E snowfall and SWE were then compared to the MERRA-2 snowfall and SnowModel-produced SWE as well as SNODAS and CMC inferred snowfall and observed SWE. Results from the study showed significantly different snowfall and SWE bias patterns observed by AMSR-E. Specifically, snowfall was underestimated nearly globally and SWE had pronounced regions of over and underestimation. Snowfall and SWE biases were found to differ as a function of surface temperature, snow class, and elevation
Measuring the Stellar Masses of z~7 Galaxies with Spitzer Ultrafaint Survey Program (SURFS UP)
We present Spitzer/IRAC observations of nine -band dropouts highly
magnified (2<mu<12) by the Bullet Cluster. We combine archival imaging with our
Exploratory program (SURFS UP), which results in a total integration time of
~30 hr per IRAC band. We detect (>3sigma) in both IRAC bands the brightest of
these high-redshift galaxies, with [3.6]=23.80+-0.28 mag, [4.5]=23.78+-0.25
mag, and (H-[3.6])=1.17+-0.32 mag. The remaining eight galaxies are undetected
to [3.6]~26.4 mag and [4.5]~26.0 mag with stellar masses of ~5x10^7 M_sol. The
detected galaxy has an estimated magnification of mu=12+-4, which implies this
galaxy has an ultraviolet luminosity of L_1500~0.3 L*_{z=7} --- the lowest
luminosity individual source detected in IRAC at z>7. By modeling the broadband
photometry, we estimate the galaxy has an intrinsic star-formation rate of
SFR~1.3 M_sol/yr and stellar mass of M~2x10^9 M_sol, which gives a specific
star-formation rate of sSFR~0.7 Gyr^-1. If this galaxy had sustained this
star-formation rate since z~20, it could have formed the observed stellar mass
(to within a factor of ~2), we also discuss alternate star-formation histories
and argue the exponentially-increasing model is unlikely. Finally, based on the
intrinsic star-formation rate, we estimate this galaxy has a likely [C II] flux
of = 10^{-17} erg/s/cm2.Comment: Accepted to ApJL. 6 pages, 3 figures, 2 table
RCS2 J232727.6-020437: An Efficient Cosmic Telescope at
We present a detailed gravitational lens model of the galaxy cluster RCS2
J232727.6-020437. Due to cosmological dimming of cluster members and ICL, its
high redshift () makes it ideal for studying background galaxies.
Using new ACS and WFC3/IR HST data, we identify 16 multiple images. From
MOSFIRE follow up, we identify a strong emission line in the spectrum of one
multiple image, likely confirming the redshift of that system to .
With a highly magnified () source plane area of
arcmin at , RCS2 J232727.6-020437 has a lensing efficiency comparable
to the Hubble Frontier Fields clusters. We discover four highly magnified
candidate Lyman-break galaxies behind the cluster, one of which may be
multiply-imaged. Correcting for magnification, we find that all four galaxies
are fainter than . One candidate is detected at in
both Spitzer/IRAC [3.6] and [4.5] channels. A spectroscopic follow-up with
MOSFIRE does not result in the detection of the Lyman-alpha emission line from
any of the four candidates. From the MOSFIRE spectra we place median upper
limits on the Lyman-alpha flux of ().Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, submitted to ApJ on 3/06/201
Spitzer UltRa Faint SUrvey Program (SURFS UP). II. IRAC-Detected Lyman-Break Galaxies at 6 < z < 10 Behind Strong-Lensing Clusters
We study the stellar population properties of the IRAC-detected galaxy candidates from the Spitzer UltRa Faint SUrvey Program
(SURFS UP). Using the Lyman Break selection technique, we find a total of 16
new galaxy candidates at with in at
least one of the IRAC m and m bands. According to the best mass
models available for the surveyed galaxy clusters, these IRAC-detected galaxy
candidates are magnified by factors of --. We find that the
IRAC-detected sample is likely not a homogeneous
galaxy population: some are relatively massive (stellar mass as high as ) and evolved (age Myr) galaxies, while
others are less massive () and very
young ( Myr) galaxies with strong nebular emission lines that boost
their rest-frame optical fluxes. We identify two Ly emitters in our
sample from the Keck DEIMOS spectra, one at (in
RXJ1347) and one at (in MACS0454). We show that IRAC
color, when combined with photometric redshift, can be used to
identify galaxies likely with strong nebular emission lines within certain
redshift windows.Comment: ApJ in pres
Intracluster supernovae in the Multi-epoch Nearby Cluster Survey
The Multi-Epoch Nearby Cluster Survey (MENeaCS) has discovered twenty-three
cluster Type Ia supernovae (SNe) in the 58 X-ray selected galaxy clusters (0.05
< z < 0.15) surveyed. Four of our SN Ia events have no host galaxy on close
inspection, and are likely intracluster SNe. Deep image stacks at the location
of the candidate intracluster SNe put upper limits on the luminosities of faint
hosts, with M_{r} > -13.0 mag and M_{g} > -12.5 mag in all cases. For such
limits, the fraction of the cluster luminosity in faint dwarfs below our
detection limit is <0.1%, assuming a standard cluster luminosity function. All
four events occurred within ~600 kpc of the cluster center (projected), as
defined by the position of the brightest cluster galaxy, and are more centrally
concentrated than the cluster SN Ia population as a whole. After accounting for
several observational biases that make intracluster SNe easier to discover and
spectroscopically confirm, we calculate an intracluster stellar mass fraction
of 0.16^{+0.13}_{-0.09} (68% CL) for all objects within R_{200}. If we assume
that the intracluster stellar population is exclusively old, and the cluster
galaxies themselves have a mix of stellar ages, we derive an upper limit on the
intracluster stellar mass fraction of <0.47 (84% one-sided CL). When combined
with the intragroup SNe results of McGee & Balogh, we confirm the declining
intracluster stellar mass fraction as a function of halo mass reported by
Gonzalez and collaborators. (Abridged)Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, ApJ publishe
Negative Regulation of Immunoglobulin E–dependent Allergic Responses by Lyn Kinase
A role for Lyn kinase as a positive regulator of immunoglobulin (Ig)E-dependent allergy has long been accepted. Contrary to this belief, Lyn kinase was found to have an important role as a negative regulator of the allergic response. This became apparent from the hyperresponsive degranulation of lyn−/− bone marrow–derived mast cells, which is driven by hyperactivation of Fyn kinase that occurs, in part, through the loss of negative regulation by COOH-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and the adaptor, Csk-binding protein. This phenotype is recapitulated in vivo as young lyn−/− mice showed an enhanced anaphylactic response. In vivo studies also demonstrated that as lyn−/− mice aged, their serum IgE increased as well as occupancy of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). This was mirrored by increased circulating histamine, increased mast cell numbers, increased cell surface expression of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), and eosinophilia. The increased IgE production was not a consequence of increased Fyn kinase activity in lyn−/− mice because both lyn−/− and lyn−/− fyn−/− mice showed high IgE levels. Thus, lyn−/− mice and mast cells thereof show multiple allergy-associated traits, causing reconsideration of the possible efficacy in therapeutic targeting of Lyn in allergic disease
Evolution of BCGs structural parameters in the last 6 Gyr: feedback processes versus merger events
We present results on the evolution in the last 6 Gyr of the structural
parameters of two samples of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). The nearby
sample of BCGs consist on 69 galaxies from the WINGS survey spanning a redshift
range of 0.04z0.07. The intermediate redshift (0.3z0.6) sample is
formed by 20 BCGs extracted from the Hubble Space Telescope archive. Both
samples have similar spatial resolution and their host clusters have similar
X-ray luminosities. We report an increase in the size of the BCGs from
intermediate to local redshift. However, we do not detect any variation in the
S\'ersic shape parameter in both samples. These results are proved to be robust
since the observed tendencies are model independent. We also obtain significant
correlations between some of the BCGs parameters and the main properties of the
host clusters. More luminous, larger and centrally located BCGs are located in
more massive and dominant galaxy clusters. These facts indicate that the host
galaxy cluster has played an important role in the formation of their BCGs. We
discuss the possible mechanisms that can explain the observed evolution of the
structural parameters of the BCGs. We conclude that the main mechanisms that
can explain the increase in size and the non-evolution in the S\'ersic shape
parameter of the BCGs in the last 6 Gyr are feedback processes. This result
disagrees with semi-analytical simulation results supporting that merging
processes are the main responsible for the evolution of the BCGs until the
present epoch.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ; 17 pages, 7 figures; 10 table
Mental Disorder in Children with Physical Conditions: a Pilot Study
OBJECTIVES: Methodologically, to assess the feasibility of participant recruitment and retention, as well as missing data in studying mental disorder among children newly diagnosed with chronic physical conditions (ie, multimorbidity). Substantively, to examine the prevalence of multimorbidity, identify sociodemographic correlates and model the influence of multimorbidity on changes in child quality of life and parental psychosocial outcomes over a 6-month follow-up.
DESIGN: Prospective pilot study.
SETTING: Two children\u27s tertiary-care hospitals.
PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 6-16 years diagnosed in the past 6 months with one of the following: asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, food allergy or juvenile arthritis, and their parents.
OUTCOME MEASURES: Response, participation and retention rates. Child mental disorder using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview at baseline and 6 months. Child quality of life, parental symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression, and family functioning. All outcomes were parent reported.
RESULTS: Response, participation and retention rates were 90%, 83% and 88%, respectively. Of the 50 children enrolled in the study, the prevalence of multimorbidity was 58% at baseline and 42% at 6 months. No sociodemographic characteristics were associated with multimorbidity. Multimorbidity at baseline was associated with declines over 6 months in the following quality of life domains: physical well-being, β=-4.82 (-8.47, -1.17); psychological well-being, β=-4.10 (-7.62, -0.58) and school environment, β=-4.17 (-8.18, -0.16). There was no association with parental psychosocial outcomes over time.
CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence suggests that mental disorder in children with a physical condition is very common and has a negative impact on quality of life over time. Based on the strong response rate and minimal attrition, our approach to study child multimorbidity appears feasible and suggests that multimorbidity is an important concern for families. Methodological and substantive findings from this pilot study have been used to implement a larger, more definitive study of child multimorbidity, which should lead to important clinical implications
The Intrinsic Origin of Spin Echoes in Dipolar Solids Generated by Strong Pi Pulses
In spectroscopy, it is conventional to treat pulses much stronger than the
linewidth as delta-functions. In NMR, this assumption leads to the prediction
that pi pulses do not refocus the dipolar coupling. However, NMR spin echo
measurements in dipolar solids defy these conventional expectations when more
than one pi pulse is used. Observed effects include a long tail in the CPMG
echo train for short delays between pi pulses, an even-odd asymmetry in the
echo amplitudes for long delays, an unusual fingerprint pattern for
intermediate delays, and a strong sensitivity to pi-pulse phase. Experiments
that set limits on possible extrinsic causes for the phenomena are reported. We
find that the action of the system's internal Hamiltonian during any real pulse
is sufficient to cause the effects. Exact numerical calculations, combined with
average Hamiltonian theory, identify novel terms that are sensitive to
parameters such as pulse phase, dipolar coupling, and system size.
Visualization of the entire density matrix shows a unique flow of quantum
coherence from non-observable to observable channels when applying repeated pi
pulses.Comment: 24 pages, 27 figures. Revised from helpful referee comments. Added
new Table IV, new paragraphs on pages 3 and 1
The high-energy gamma-ray fluence and energy spectrum of GRB 970417a from observations with Milagrito
Evidence of TeV emission from GRB970417a has been previously reported using
data from the Milagrito detector. Constraints on the TeV fluence and the energy
spectrum are now derived using additional data from a scaler system that
recorded the rate of signals from the Milagrito photomultipliers. This analysis
shows that if emission from GRB970417a has been observed, it must contain
photons with energies above 650 GeV. Some consequences of this observation are
discussed.Comment: Submitted to the Astrophysical Journa
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